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1 GNU Free Documentation License
2
3 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free
4 Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
5
6 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
7 document, but changing it is not allowed.
8
9 0. PREAMBLE
10
11 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional
12 and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
13 effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it,
14 either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves
15 for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
16 being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
17
18 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of
19 the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the
20 GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
21 software.
22
23 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,
24 because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come
25 with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
26 License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual
27 work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed
28 book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction
29 or reference.
30
31 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
32
33 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains
34 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under
35 the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free
36 license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated
37 herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
38 of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license
39 if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
40 copyright law.
41
42 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document
43 or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated
44 into another language.
45
46 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the
47 Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
48 authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters)
49 and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
50 (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section
51 may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
52 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
53 philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
54
55 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated,
56 as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document
57 is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition
58 of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document
59 may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any
60 Invariant Sections then there are none.
61
62 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
63 Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released
64 under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover
65 Text may be at most 25 words.
66
67 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented
68 in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is
69 suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors
70 or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings)
71 some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
72 formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for
73 input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
74 whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
75 subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
76 not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is
77 not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
78
79 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
80 markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
81 available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed
82 for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG,
83 XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
84 edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
85 and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
86 HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes
87 only.
88
89 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
90 following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
91 requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
92 any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
93 appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
94 text.
95
96 The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the
97 Document to the public.
98
99 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title
100 either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
101 translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section
102 name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements",
103 or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
104 Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this
105 definition.
106
107 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states
108 that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are
109 considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
110 disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
111 may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
112
113 2. VERBATIM COPYING
114
115 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
116 or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and
117 the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
118 in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of
119 this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the
120 reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
121 you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
122 enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
123
124 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
125 may publicly display copies.
126
127 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
128
129 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
130 covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
131 notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
132 clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
133 cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
134 and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover
135 must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent
136 and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying
137 with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
138 the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying
139 in other respects.
140
141 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
142 you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
143 cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
144
145 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
146 than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
147 with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network
148 location from which the general network-using public has access to download
149 using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the
150 Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
151 reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in
152 quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible
153 at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute
154 an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition
155 to the public.
156
157 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document
158 well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance
159 to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
160
161 4. MODIFICATIONS
162
163 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
164 of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version
165 under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of
166 the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified
167 Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
168 things in the Modified Version:
169
170 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
171 that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
172 there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may
173 use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that
174 version gives permission.
175
176 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible
177 for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with
178 at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
179 authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
180
181 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version,
182 as the publisher.
183
184 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
185
186 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
187 the other copyright notices.
188
189 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving
190 the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
191 License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
192
193 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
194 required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an
195 unaltered copy of this License.
196
197 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to
198 it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of
199 the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled
200 "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
201 publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing
202 the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
203
204 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
205 access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations
206 given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be
207 placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
208 that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the
209 original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
210
211 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve
212 the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and
213 tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given
214 therein.
215
216 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
217 text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered
218 part of the section titles.
219
220 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included
221 in the Modified Version.
222
223 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to
224 conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
225
226 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
227
228 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that
229 qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document,
230 you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant.
231 To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
232 Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section
233 titles.
234
235 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing
236 but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
237 statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization
238 as the authoritative definition of a standard.
239
240 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage
241 of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts
242 in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover
243 Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If
244 the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
245 added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf
246 of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
247 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
248
249 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
250 permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement
251 of any Modified Version.
252
253 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
254
255 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
256 under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided
257 that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of
258 the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections
259 of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
260 Warranty Disclaimers.
261
262 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
263 identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there
264 are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
265 make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
266 parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section
267 if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
268 titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
269 work.
270
271 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
272 various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
273 combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
274 "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
275
276 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
277
278 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
279 under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the
280 various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided
281 that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
282 the documents in all other respects.
283
284 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
285 individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
286 into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
287 regarding verbatim copying of that document.
288
289 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
290
291 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
292 documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium,
293 is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is
294 not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what
295 the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate,
296 this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are
297 not themselves derivative works of the Document.
298
299 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
300 the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate,
301 the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document
302 within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document
303 is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
304 the whole aggregate.
305
306 8. TRANSLATION
307
308 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
309 of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections
310 with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders,
311 but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition
312 to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation
313 of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty
314 Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of
315 this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In
316 case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of
317 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
318
319 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
320 or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1)
321 will typically require changing the actual title.
322
323 9. TERMINATION
324
325 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
326 expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify,
327 sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your
328 rights under this License.
329
330 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from
331 a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and
332 until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license,
333 and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation
334 by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
335
336 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently
337 if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means,
338 this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License
339 (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior
340 to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
341
342 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses
343 of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License.
344 If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt
345 of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights
346 to use it.
347
348 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
349
350 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
351 Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
352 in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
353 problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
354
355 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
356 Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or
357 any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
358 and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that
359 has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
360 Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
361 any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
362 If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of
363 this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
364 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
365
366 11. RELICENSING
367
368 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide
369 Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent
370 facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can
371 edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration"
372 (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus
373 published on the MMC site.
374
375 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license
376 published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with
377 a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future
378 copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
379
380 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part,
381 as part of another Document.
382
383 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License,
384 and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other
385 than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the
386 MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated
387 prior to November 1, 2008.
388
389 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under
390 CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the
391 MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your
392 documents
393
394 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
395 License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
396 just after the title page:
397
398 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME . Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
399 modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
400 Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
401 with no Invariant Sections , no Front-Cover Texts , and no Back-Cover Texts
402 . A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
403 License".
404
405 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace
406 the "with...Texts." line with this:
407
408 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover
409 Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
410
411 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination
412 of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
413
414 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
415 releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license,
416 such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

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